Manufacturing Industries Class 10 important questions with answers

What comes in the exam

• Manufacturing Industries is a Geography chapter from Contemporary India – II.
• Most questions here are 5-mark long answers, then 3-mark questions and some Assertion–Reason; MCQs and case studies are rare.
• Almost every year you get why manufacturing matters for the economy, how agriculture and industry help each other, the kinds of industrial pollution and how to control them, and the IT and electronics industry.
• Cotton textile and jute mills come often, with the reasons for where they are.
• The 3-mark map question can ask for cotton textile centres, iron and steel plants and software technology parks.

Top 10 Manufacturing Industries questions from board papers

Real CBSE questions, printed as they appeared. Open each answer to see the marking and the steps.

1. Q1 Assertion–Reason · 1 mark CBSE · 2025

   Jute mills and jute exports

   Two statements are given below. They are Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option : Assertion (A) : Most of the jute industry in India is located in a narrow belt along the banks of Hugli river. Reason (R) : India is the second largest exporter of jute.

   • (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
   • (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
   • (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
   • (D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
   Answer and marking

   Correct option: (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

   1. Check both statements against the book. A true: jute mills lie in a narrow belt along the Hugli ; R true: India is the second largest exporter after Bangladesh
   2. Ask whether R explains A. Exports do not explain why mills are along the Hugli
   3. So both are true but R does not explain A. (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) 1 mark

   Answer: (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

   Marks: Correct option 1

   For full marks: Location is explained by raw jute, water, coal, labour and Kolkata port — not by export rank.

   Where students lose marks: Choosing (A) is wrong because India's export rank does not explain the Hugli location.

   CBSE marking scheme

   (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

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2. Q2 Assertion–Reason · 1 mark CBSE · 2023

   Agriculture, industry and jobs

   There are two statements given as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the correct option. Assertion (A) : Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. Reason (R) : Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from the country.

   • (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
   • (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).
   • (C) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
   • (D) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
   Answer and marking

   Correct option: (B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A).

   1. Check both statements against the book. A true: agriculture and industry move hand in hand ; R true: industrial development is a precondition to remove unemployment and poverty
   2. Ask whether R explains A. R is about jobs and poverty, not why agriculture and industry support each other
   3. So both are true but R does not explain A. (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) 1 mark

   Answer: (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

   Marks: Correct option 1

   For full marks: Even when both are true, ask 'A because R?' before picking (A).

   Where students lose marks: Many pick (A) because both are true, but R does not explain the link between agriculture and industry.

   CBSE marking scheme

   (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

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3. Q3 Short answer · 3 marks CBSE · 2025

   Causes of water pollution

   Explain any three factors responsible for water pollution.

   Answer and marking

   1. Say what factories pour into rivers. Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers 1 mark
   2. Name the main industries to blame. Main culprits are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing industries, refineries, tanneries and electroplating units 1 mark
   3. Name what these industries let into the water. They release dyes, detergents, acids, salts, heavy metals like lead and mercury, pesticides and plastics 1 mark

   Answer: Industrial effluents into rivers ; paper, chemical, textile and tannery units ; dyes, acids and heavy metals released

   Marks: Any three points 1 each

   For full marks: Write exactly three ways, one short sentence each, within 60 words.

   Where students lose marks: Writing household causes like washing clothes in rivers — the points paid here are industrial ones.

   CBSE marking scheme

   Any three (3x1): organic and inorganic industrial waste and effluents discharged into rivers; main culprits: paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, electroplating industries; they release dyes, detergents, acids, salts, heavy metals (lead, mercury), pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals, plastics and rubber into water; fly ash, phospho-gypsum, iron and steel slags are major solid wastes; any other relevant point.

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4. Q4 Short answer · 3 marks CBSE · 2024

   How IT changed India

   “The development process of India has experienced transformation due to the significant influence of Information Technology (I.T.) and Electronic Industry.” Explain the statement with examples.

   Answer and marking

   1. Start with the range of products the industry makes. The electronics industry makes transistor sets, televisions, telephones, cellular telecom, radars and computers 1 mark
   2. Name the city that leads and why it matters. Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India, with other centres like Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad and Pune 1 mark
   3. End with the industry's biggest impact on people. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation 1 mark

   Answer: Wide range of products ; Bengaluru the electronic capital ; employment generation

   Marks: Any three points 1 each

   For full marks: "With examples" means naming products or centres inside your points.

   Where students lose marks: Writing only "computers are useful" without any example product, centre or impact.

   CBSE marking scheme

   Any three (3×1): electronics covers transistor sets to TVs, telecom, radar, computers; Bengaluru the electronic capital; other centres Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Coimbatore; speedy communication boosted contact with the world; employment generation; hardware and software growth; satellite technology; expanding trade; diversified manufacturing; economic strength; any other relevant point.

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5. Q5 Short answer · 3 marks CBSE · 2024

   Saving fresh water from industry

   How can fresh water be saved from the industrial pollution ? Suggest any three ways.

   Answer and marking

   1. Start with using less water and using it again. Minimise the water used for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages 1 mark
   2. Add a way to get water without drawing more from rivers. Harvest rainwater to meet industrial water requirements 1 mark
   3. Say what must happen to waste water before it leaves the factory. Treat hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds 1 mark

   Answer: Reuse and recycle water ; harvest rainwater ; treat hot water and effluents before release

   Marks: Any three points 1 each

   For full marks: Write exactly three ways, one short sentence each, within 60 words.

   Where students lose marks: Writing 'stop pollution' or 'save water' with no method — each point must name a real step.

   CBSE marking scheme

   Any three (3×1): recycle and reuse process water in successive stages; harvest rainwater for industrial needs; reduce or eliminate dangerous materials in production; reduce waste so wastewater has fewer contaminants; treat hot water and effluents before release into rivers and ponds (primary — mechanical; secondary — biological/chemical); any other relevant point.

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6. Q6 Case study · 4 marks CBSE · 2025

   Case: Global pollution source

   Read the given text and answer the following questions: (1+2+1=4) Global pollution is rising due to rapid economic growth, population increases, and insufficient environmental management. This poses serious health risks for people and ecosystems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Contributing to these challenges, the global economy relies on deeply intertwined supply chains, sustained by more than 100 billion tons of raw materials entering the system each year. Intensive material consumption depletes natural resources and causes negative environmental impacts at every stage of the product lifecycle. Global waste is expected to increase to 3.4 billion tons by 2050. Pollution of all types hinders development outcomes. Exposure to air pollution, water pollution, and hazardous chemicals and wastes like mercury, lead and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) causes debilitating and fatal illnesses, creates harmful living conditions, and destroys ecosystems. Pollution undermines sustainable economic growth, exacerbates poverty and inequality in both urban and rural areas, and significantly contributes to climate change. Poor people, who cannot afford to protect themselves from the negative impacts of pollution, end up suffering the most. Pollution is the largest environmental cause of disease and premature death. It is estimated to be several times more deaths than from AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined. Global health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are reminders of the strong linkages between environment and health and of the need to address such linkages systematically. [Source: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/pollution] 18.1 Why do you think is global waste expected to increase by 2050? (1) 18.2 How do manufacturing industries cause pollution of different types? Explain with examples. (2) 18.3 Is it correct to consider pollution as a possible cause for worsening of the current global trends of poverty and inequality? Justify. (1)

   Answer and marking

   1. (i) Find the line in the passage about raw materials being used up. Because of intensive material production and consumption 1 mark
   2. (ii) Give one type of pollution with its industrial source. Air pollution: smoke from chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants 1 mark
   3. Give a second type with its source. Water pollution: paper, chemical, textile and tannery units discharge dyes, acids, salts and heavy metals into rivers 1 mark
   4. (iii) Say yes, then give the passage's reason. Yes; poor people cannot afford to protect themselves from pollution and suffer the most, widening inequality 1 mark

   Answer: (i) Intensive material production and consumption ; (ii) air pollution from factory smoke, water pollution from effluents ; (iii) Yes — the poor suffer most, so inequality grows

   Marks: (i) 1 · (ii) 2 · (iii) 1

   For full marks: Read the passage first — parts (i) and (iii) are answered in its own lines. In (ii) name each pollution type with an example.

   Where students lose marks: In (iii) writing only 'Yes' with no reason, which loses the mark.

   CBSE marking scheme

   (1+2+1) 18.1 Due to intensive material production and consumption. 18.2 Any two: air pollution - smoke from chemical/paper factories, brick kilns, refineries, smelting plants, burning fossil fuels; toxic gas leaks; water pollution - organic/inorganic wastes and effluents (paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, refineries, tanneries, electroplating) discharge dyes, acids, salts, heavy metals into rivers; thermal pollution - hot water from factories and thermal plants; land/soil pollution - dumping of glass, chemicals, effluents, garbage; groundwater contamination by percolation; noise from machinery, generators, drills. 18.3 Yes - poor people cannot afford to protect themselves from pollution's ill effects and suffer most, widening social disparity/inequality (can be explained with an example).

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7. Q7 Long answer · 5 marks CBSE · 2024

   Significance of industries

   Explain the significance of industries in the Indian economy.

   Answer and marking

   1. Start with what industry does for farming, the base of our economy. Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy 1 mark
   2. Say how factories take pressure off farm incomes. They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors 1 mark
   3. Link industry to the two big problems the country wants to end. Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty 1 mark
   4. Explain where public and joint sector units were placed, and why. Industries set up in tribal and backward areas bring down regional disparities 1 mark
   5. Show how selling factory goods abroad helps the country. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange 1 mark

   Answer: Modernises agriculture ; jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors ; ends unemployment and poverty ; reduces regional disparities ; exports bring foreign exchange

   Marks: Any five points 1 each

   For full marks: Write five separate points, each a full sentence with its reason; keep to about 120 words.

   Where students lose marks: Writing "modernises agriculture" and "helps agriculture" as two points; the same idea twice earns only one mark.

   CBSE marking scheme

   Any five (5×1): help modernise agriculture, the backbone of the economy; reduce heavy dependence on agricultural income by giving jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors; precondition for eradicating unemployment and poverty; aimed at reducing regional disparities by setting up industries in tribal and backward areas; export of manufactured goods expands trade and brings foreign exchange; countries turning raw materials into higher-value finished goods prosper — India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying manufacturing; any other relevant point.

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8. Q8 Long answer · 5 marks CBSE · 2023

   Cutting fresh water pollution

   How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced ? Explain with examples.

   Answer and marking

   1. Start with using less water and using it again. Minimise the water used for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages 1 mark
   2. Add a way to get water without drawing more from rivers. Harvest rainwater to meet industrial water requirements 1 mark
   3. Say what must happen to waste water before it leaves the factory. Treat hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds 1 mark
   4. Name the three stages of treating effluents. Treat effluents in three phases: primary (mechanical), secondary (biological) and tertiary (biological, chemical, physical, recycling water) 1 mark
   5. Add the legal step for groundwater. Overdrawing of groundwater by industry should be regulated legally 1 mark

   Answer: Reuse and recycle water ; harvest rainwater ; treat hot water and effluents ; three-phase treatment ; regulate groundwater use by law

   Marks: Any five points 1 each

   For full marks: Give an example inside the points, like screening and sedimentation for primary treatment. Five points, one mark each.

   Where students lose marks: Writing air-pollution measures like smoke stacks for a fresh-water question, when water points are what it asks.

   CBSE marking scheme

   Any five (5×1): minimise water use for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more stages; harvest rainwater to meet water needs; treat hot water and effluents before release into rivers and ponds — primary (mechanical: screening, grinding, flocculation, sedimentation), secondary (biological), tertiary (biological, chemical, physical; recycling wastewater); legally regulate industry’s overdrawing of groundwater; (MS also lists air/noise measures: electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers, oil/gas instead of coal; silencers, redesigned machinery, noise-absorbing material); any other relevant point.

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9. Q9 Long answer · 5 marks CBSE · 2025

   Industry as backbone of growth

   "Manufacturing industries are considered the backbone of the economic development of a country." Justify the statement.

   Answer and marking

   1. Open with how a country's economic strength is measured. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of its manufacturing industries 1 mark
   2. Start with what industry does for farming, the base of our economy. Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy 1 mark
   3. Say how factories take pressure off farm incomes. They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors 1 mark
   4. Link industry to the two big problems the country wants to end. Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty 1 mark
   5. Show how selling factory goods abroad helps the country. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange 1 mark

   Answer: Measure of economic strength ; modernises agriculture ; jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors ; ends unemployment and poverty ; exports bring foreign exchange

   Marks: Any five points 1 each

   For full marks: Write five separate points, each a full sentence with its reason; keep to about 120 words.

   Where students lose marks: Writing "modernises agriculture" and "helps agriculture" as two points; the same idea twice earns only one mark.

   CBSE marking scheme

   Any five, 1 each: economic strength is measured by manufacturing development; modernises agriculture; provides jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors; precondition for eradicating unemployment and poverty; exports of manufactured goods expand trade and earn foreign exchange; countries turning raw materials into high-value goods prosper; industries in tribal/backward areas reduce regional disparities; any other relevant point.

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10. Q10 Long answer · 5 marks CBSE · 2024

    Farming and industry together

    “Agriculture and Industry move hand in hand.” Justify the statement.

    Answer and marking

    1. Say what agro-industries have done for farm output. Agro-industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity 1 mark
    2. Then say what factories get from the farms. They depend on agriculture for raw materials 1 mark
    3. Name the things industry sells back to farmers. They sell irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools to farmers 1 mark
    4. Add how factory competition changed farming. Development and competitiveness of manufacturing have helped farmers increase production and made it very efficient 1 mark
    5. End with jobs that ease the load on farm incomes. Industries provide jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors, reducing heavy dependence on agricultural income 1 mark

    Answer: Raise farm productivity ; farm raw materials ; inputs sold to farmers ; efficient farm production ; jobs beyond farming

    Marks: Any five points 1 each

    For full marks: Show help in both directions and name goods sold to farmers; about 120 words.

    Where students lose marks: Repeating that agro-industries need raw materials in different words; it earns only one mark.

    CBSE marking scheme

    Any five (5×1): agro-industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising productivity; they depend on agriculture for raw materials; they sell irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools to farmers; competitive manufacturing has helped farmers increase production and made it efficient; both sectors create jobs in agriculture, manufacturing and services.

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Common mistakes in Manufacturing Industries

How to write for full marks

• Most answers here are 5 marks: write five numbered points, one idea each, in no more than 120 words. Each point carries 1 mark.
• When marks are split (1 + 4 or 2 + 3), answer each part separately: a one-line definition, then the effects; or the causes, then the measures.
• For a flowchart question, explain each box in order, one point per box, from the raw materials to shaping the steel.
• Use the book's key words: agro-industries, regional disparities, foreign exchange, effluents, electrostatic precipitators.
• In the map question, answer only the number asked ('any three'). Learn the published list of cotton textile centres, iron and steel plants and software technology parks; mark each place and write its name.

Questions students ask